Neurologists diagnose and treat disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, nerves, spinal cord and musculature. The practice of neurology includes neurological examination and treatment of the nerves of the head and neck, balance systems, ambulatory systems, muscle strength and movement, reflexes, and the sensory and cognitive abilities like memory, speech and language.

Neurologists will also perform diagnostic tests, such as CAT scans (computed axial tomography), MRI scans (magnetic resonance imaging, MRA scans (magnetic resonance angiography), EEG tests (electroencephalographs), EMG/NCV (electromyography/nerve conduction velocity), and lumbar puncture procedures (spinal taps).